Lecture Series on Dental Caries
To watch video lectures, click at the following links
1. Introduction
3. Bacterial plaque in dental caries
4. Microbiology of dental caries
6. Acid production in dental plaque
Dental Caries-Part 2: Treatment Planning
In this chapter, you will know about the treatment planning of dental caries. In previous chapter you studies the etio-pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of dental caries. If you have not gone through it, it is advised that you study the previous chapter before proceeding further.
Mechanism of Remineralisation of Enamel
When the oral environment of a person is favourable where the pH is above 5.5 and saliva contains enough calcium and phosphate ions, the remineralisation process of enamel occurs. The supersaturated saliva acts as driving force for remineralisation. In a non cavitated enamel caries lesion, the original crystalline structure of rods remains intact. When it is etched, it acts as nucleating agent for remineralisation. When trace amount of fluoride ions is added to the environment, it enhances the remineralisation process by enhancing the precipitation of calcium and phosphate. The inclusion of fluoride ions results in the formation of fluorapatite crystals in enamel rods which is more resistant to acid attack compared to calcium apatite of the natural enamel rods. Thus, the new enamel becomes resistant to caries process.
Dental Caries-Part 1: Etio-pathogenesis and Clinical Features
This lesson presents basic definitions, terminologies, etiologies, demineralisation-remineralisation of enamel and clinical characteristics of the caries lesion in the context of clinical operative dentistry.
Definitions of Dental Caries and Dental Plaque
Dental caries is defined as a multifactorial, transmissible, infectious oral disease caused primarily by the complex interaction of cariogenic oral flora (biofilm) with fermentable dietary carbohydrates on the tooth surface over time.
Dental plaque is a gelatinous mass of bacteria adhering to the tooth surface. Carious lesions occur only under the plaque. The plaque bacteria metabolises the refined carbohydrate (sucrose mainly) for energy production and produces organic acids as a by product. These acids cause dissolution of crystalline structures of enamel that result in caries lesions of the tooth.
Hepatitis B-Part 1: Epidemiology and Clinical Features
Overview
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that's caused by a variety of contagious viruses and non-infectious agents leading to a range of health problems, some of which can be fatal. There are five main strains of the hepatitis virus, known as types A, B, C, D and E. While their infection results in liver disease, they differ in important ways including modes of transmission, severity of the illness, geographical distribution and prevention methods.
An estimated 354 million people worldwide having no access to testing and treatment live with hepatitis B or C.
Some types of hepatitis are preventable through vaccination. A WHO study found that an estimated 4.5 million premature deaths could be averted in low-and middle- income countries by 2030 through vaccination, individual tests, drugs and education campaigns. WHO’s global hepatitis strategy, championed by all WHO Member States, aims to reduce new hepatitis infections by 90 and deaths by 65 between 2016 and 2030.
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.
In this first part of the article, we shall discuss the following aspects of hepatitis:
- Epidemiology,
- Mode of transmission
- Sign and symptoms
- Groups at risk
- Relationship of HBV and HIV infection H
- How to confirm the diagnosis
- Sample MCQs
Hepatitis B-Part 2: Treatment and Prevention
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.
In the first part of the article, you have read the epidemiology, mode of transmission of Hepatitis B virus, its sign and symptoms, groups at risk, the relationship of HBV and HIV infection, and how the diagnosis is confirmed. In this part of the article, we shall discuss about its treatment and prevention.
If you want to read a short note on Hepatitis B in Indian context, read it HERE.
You can also take a free mock test on Hepatitis B.
Seven Ways to Prevent Dental Caries in Your Child
Dental caries is an endemic disease in children. It is caused by a bacterial infection. The causative bacteria are known as Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli.
Although the dental caries is caused by bacteria, the initiation and progression of dental caries depend on several factors. The less the risk factors present, the less are the chances of dental caries development in your child’s tooth.
I shall discuss those factors for you so that you can understand the developmental process of dental caries and take appropriate measures to prevent developing it in your son’s or daughter’s mouth. Broadly, we can categorize a child belonging to either high risk or low risk category. The children of high-risk category have higher chances of developing dental caries compared to those of lower category.
The rampant caries develops rapidly in young children and involves all anterior teeth within a very short period. Early intervention may prevent its development. So, my advice to you, visit a dentist when you see his/her first tooth.
Sign of rampant caries: Note caries in all teeth
The factors that determine the risk category of a person are as follows:
- Social factors
- General Health Factors
- Dietary factors
- Preventive Factors
- Plaque factors
- Salivary factors
- Clinical factors
1. Social Factors
A socially deprived or isolated child with frequent snacking habit, irregular dental visits, siblings having dental caries, with parents having little knowledge of dental disease, will be at higher risk of developing dental caries compared to the child who is not having the above-mentioned factors. You should always try to remove and maintain these factors at low level to keep your child in low category.
2. General Health Factors
If your child is medically compromised, disabled, having xerostomia or on long term cariogenic medicine, s/he is at higher risk of developing caries. The lesser number of factors present with your child, the risk of developing dental caries is less. If your child is having any of these factors, help him/her to remain in the low-risk category by visiting a dentist.
3. Dietary Factors
The most important factor is frequent intake of sugars. As the frequency of sugar increases, the risk goes up. So, encourage your child to reduce the frequency of sugar intake. For example, you can give him/her two chocolates/candy instead of one and encourage him/her to eat them all together. Afterwards, you can clean his/her teeth off of sticky chocolates/candy.
4. Preventive Factors- Uses of Fluoride/CPP-ACP
If your child is living in a non-fluoridated area, with no fluoride supplementation and using non-fluoridated toothpaste, s/he is at high risk. Living in an area supplied by fluoridated water, or using fluoride supplement or using a toothpaste containing fluoride decreases the risk of caries development.
The newly developed protective material Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), a milk derivative helps in remineralization of the carious lesion by replenishing lost minerals like calcium, phosphate ions into the tooth structure. Using a toothpaste containing CCP-ACP will remineralize the enamel of your child and make it more resistant to caries development.
5. Plaque Control Factors
If your child does infrequent or ineffective tooth brushing s/he is at higher risk. Teaching him or her regular and effective tooth brushing to remove plaque. This habit decreases the risk of developing tooth decay. If s/he cannot perform effective tooth brushing, help him/her.
6. Salivary Factors
Low flow of saliva, low buffering capacity of saliva and higher Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli count in saliva put your child in a high-risk category. Removing these factors with the help of a dentist will shift your son/daughter into the low-risk category.
7. Clinical Factors
New carious lesions, premature extractions, caries or restorations (fillings) in anterior teeth, multiple restorations, history of repeated restorations, no fissure sealants, multi-band orthodontics and presence of partial dentures increase the risk of caries development and put the child in high risk. As these factors decrease, the child moves from high to low-risk category.
Conclusion
So, now you know the causes that may put your child at high risk for developing dental caries. I advise you to understand these factors and take appropriate action. The first step you must take is to start using a toothpaste that contains either fluoride or CCA-ACP. Also, plan for and have your child get checked by a dentist.
Oral Malodour / Foetor / Bad Breath / Halitosis
Halitosis is a common social condition that affects a considerable portion of the general population. The prevalence of halitosis is close to 50% in a few populations. Under few circumstances, this oral condition may cause embarrassment, depression and make relationships more difficult. Some studies have investigated whether the psychology of the patients might have some influence on the complaints about halitosis, or even on halitosis itself. In a study that included more than one thousand participants and self-reported halitosis, scientists have reported that poor oral hygiene and general anxiety are associated with halitosis.[1]
Halitosis is divided into intraoral, extraoral, pseudohalitosis and halitophobia. Intraoral halitosis, responsible for 85% of the cases of halitosis, is subdivided into physiologic (genuine) halitosis or pathologic halitosis. Extraoral halitosis occurs when malodor appears with no oral cause, as in the case of pulmonary causes. Both patients with pseudohalitosis and halitophobia present with complaints of halitosis, but without any diagnostic evidence of malodor.[1]
The most common cause of oral malodor is the poor oral hygiene. Due to poor oral hygiene, a large number of bacteria belonging to different species make their home in the mouth. They survive on the food particles entangled in between the teeth and as a by-product, produce different substances like Sulphides, Mercaptans and Amines in gas form. These gases are perceived as bad breath by other people.
Basic Reason of Fear in a Four Years Old Child Who is Aggressive in Dental Office
The quality of dental treatment of a child depends on one's cooperation and repo with a dentist in the treatment room. How a dentist manages a child depending upon the understanding the child's behaviour pattern.
There are certain guidelines that are useful in helping a child to show a positive & compliant behaviour while getting the dental treatment. These guidelines have been prepared from the findings and principles of behavioural dentistry, behavioural psychology, developmental psychology, and paediatric psychology.
Can Alginate Be Used As Muco-Compressive Impression Material?
The
alginate impression material cannot be used as muco-compressive material. This
material does not have consistency enough to apply pressure on mucosa.
Therefore, muco-compressive impressions cannot be taken by alginate.
The muco-compressive impression can only be taken by impression compound or heavy duty (putty) rubber base impression materials as they both have thick consistency.
What is best during placement of Crown?
A ceramic crown being placed over a tooth. The excess cement is protruding at margin [1].
The placement of crown is an important step in the longevity of the crown and the comfort of the patient. There are certain points that should be taken into consideration by a dentist during placement i.e. cementation.
The gingival margins should not be inflamed at the time of crown cementation. This may happen due to gingivoplasty or crown lengthening. For a common man, it means, the gum margins of the tooth receiving the artificial crown should not have redness, swelling or puffiness. If there is any, better to wait till it subsides.
The choice of cement/luting agent should be decided based on the type and material of the crown. The available materials are Zinc phosphate, Glass ionomer, Polycarbonate, Zinc silicophosphate, and resin luting agents. The anterior crowns need different cementing material than that of posterior crowns. The all ceramic crowns are best cemented by resin luting agents, but the use is limited to the cementation of anterior crowns. The reason is, after cementation, it becomes extremely difficult to remove set resin from the interproximal area of posterior teeth. Rest luting materials are brittle enough to break and remove, therefore, they can be used in all areas-anterior as well as posterior.
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